Quam singulari

Quam singulari

Quam singulari was a decree released by Pope Pius X in 1910, concerning the admittance of Communion to children.

There was a concern in the church about the practice of operating with different ages for admitting first Communion and first Confession. Some argued that, while reaching the age of reason was enough to receive first Confession, "a full knowledge of matters of faith" was needed to receive the first Communion. This, according to the Quam singulari, was in error. In evidence of this, the decree referred to historical authorities such as the Lateran Council of 1215, the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Antoninus, the practices of the early church and Christ's own sayings on children. It was therefore stressed that this decree did not institute a new doctrine, but simply clarified ancient ones. The adverse opinion it discredited as Jansenist. The main concern of the Vatican was that the first, childlike innocence of the children should be lost, and that they should be allowed to fall into a state of sin before the first Communion was admitted. To avoid this, it was decreed that:

    "The age of discretion, both for Confession and for Holy Communion, is the time when a child begins to reason, that is about the seventh year, more or less."
    "A full and perfect knowledge of Christian doctrine is not necessary either for First Confession or for First Communion."
    It was also stressed that those who had charge of the children, both parents and pastors, should see to it both that the children received their first Communion, and that they continued to do this at least once a year afterwards.

Jubilee Indulgence

With the Bull of Indiction came a document from the Apostolic Penitentiary, indicating the conditions for receiving the Jubilee indulgence. In many respects, they were greatly simplified with respect to previous years. The normal conditions of confession, communion, prayer for the Pope and renunciation of attachment to sin remained in place, but unlike previous Jubilees, it was only necessary to visit a single church on a single day.

The indulgence could be obtained in Rome by visiting one of the four patriarchal basilicas, St. Peter's Basilica, St. John Lateran, St. Paul Outside the Walls or St. Mary Major, as well as by a visit to the shrine of Our Lady of Divine Love, the basilica of St. Lawrence Outside the Walls or the Christian catacombs of Rome. In the visit, the pilgrim had to take part in a religious celebration or spend a half hour in Eucharistic adoration.

The indulgence could also be obtained in Israel by a visit to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, or the Church of the Annunciation in Nazareth.

Further, the Jubilee was extended to all dioceses of the world. A visit to the cathedral church or another shrine designated by the bishop would also suffice to gain the Jubilee indulgence. Cloistered nuns and monks could obtain the indulgence in their house chapels.

Finally, the indulgence could be gained by means of a personal sacrifice or works of charity. specifically mentioned in the document were sacrifices such as giving up smoking or alcohol for at
least one day or making a donation to help the poor.

His feast is on April 19 in the Roman Catholic Church It is on September 11.
Paphnutius of Thebes, also known as Paphnutius the Confessor, was a disciple of Saint Anthony the Great and a bishop of a city in the Upper Thebaid in the early fourth century. He is accounted by some as a prominent member of the First Council of Nicaea which took place in 325 CE.

Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈalɔʏzjʊs ˈʁatsɪŋɐ]; on 16 April 1927) served as pope of the Catholic Church from 2005 until his resignation in 2013. Benedict was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave following the death of Pope John Paul II and was inaugurated on 24 April 2005.

The Papacy versus the House of Hohenstaufen

The rising had its origin in the struggle between the House of Hohenstaufen, which in the 13th century ruled Germany and claimed nominal authority over most of northern Italy, and the papacy, for control over Italy, especially the Church's private demesne known as the Papal States. The Papal States lay between Hohenstaufen lands in northern Italy and the Hohenstaufen Kingdom of Sicily in the south. In 1245 Pope Innocent IV even declared the emperor Frederick II deposed and roused opposition to him in Germany and Italy. When Frederick died in 1250, his dominion was inherited by his son, Conrad. A period of turmoil followed Conrad's death in 1254, and control of the Kingdom of Sicily was seized by Manfred, Frederick's natural son, who reigned from 1258 to 1266. Manfred had no involvement in German politics, where the interregnum lasted longer and there was no emperor until 1274. He first styled himself as vicar of his nephew Conradin, Conrad's son. However, Manfred later had himself crowned as king, following a false rumour that Conradin was dead. Manfred wished for a reconciliation with the papacy, which may have explained his support for the landless Latin Emperor Baldwin II. However, Pope Urban IV and later Pope Clement IV were not prepared to recognize Manfred as lawful ruler of Sicily and first excommunicated then sought to depose him by force of arms.
After abortive attempts to enlist England as the champion of the Papacy against Manfred,Urban IV settled on Charles of Anjou as his candidate for the Sicilian throne. Charles invaded Italy and defeated and killed Manfred in 1266 at the Battle of Benevento, becoming King of Sicily. In 1268 Conradin, who had meanwhile come of age, invaded Italy to press his claim to the throne, but he was defeated at the Battle of Tagliacozzo and executed afterwards. Charles was now undisputed master of the Kingdom of Sicily.

The Sicilian Vespers (Italian: Vespri siciliani; Sicilian: Vespiri siciliani) is the name given to the successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out on the Easter of 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I, who had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266. Within six weeks, three thousand French men and women were slain by the rebels, and the government of King Charles lost control of the island. It was the beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers.

Sicilian Vespers

September 10 - On orders of Charles Luciano and Frank Costello, boss of all bosses Salvatore Maranzano is murdered in his headquarters on Park Avenue in Manhattan by gangsters disguised as police officers. That same day, several of Maranzano's lieutenants, including James Marino, are killed by unknown gunmen including outside a Bronx neighborhood barbershop. The bodies of Maranzano allies Samuel Monaco and Louis Russo would later be recovered from Newark Bay; both corpses would show signs of torture. These events may or may not have been the basis for the beginning of the alleged "Night of the Sicilian Vespers" in which many old world Sicilian-born mafiosi are killed throughout the country by the Luciano-Lansky faction in the aftermath of the Castellammarese War.

Mafia

The word "mafia" originated in Sicily, though its origins are uncertain. The Sicilian adjective mafiusu (in Italian: mafioso), roughly translated, means "swagger," but can also be translated as "boldness, bravado". In reference to a man, mafiusu in 19th century Sicily was ambiguous, signifying a bully, arrogant but also fearless, enterprising, and proud, according to scholar Diego Gambetta.In reference to a woman, however, the feminine-form adjective "mafiusa" means beautiful and attractive.
Sicily was once an Islamic emirate, therefore "mafia" might have Arabic roots. Possible Arabic roots of the word include:

maha = quarry, cave;especially the mafie caves in the region of Marsala, which acted as hiding places for persecuted Muslims and later served other types of refugees.
mahyas (مهياص) = aggressive boasting, bragging
marfud (مرفوض) = rejected
mu'afa = safety, protection
Ma àfir = the name of an Arab tribethat ruled Palermo.The local peasants imitated these Arabs and as a result the tribes name entered the popular lexicon. The word mafia was used to refer to the defenders of Palermo during the Sicilian Vespers.

The public's association of the word with the criminal secret society was perhaps inspired by the 1863 play "I mafiusi di la Vicaria" ("The Mafiosi of the Vicaria") by Giuseppe Rizzotto and Gaetano Mosca. The words Mafia and mafiusi are never mentioned in the play; they were probably put in the title to add a local flair. The play is about a Palermo prison gang with traits similar to the Mafia: a boss, an initiation ritual, and talk of "umirtà" (omertà or code of silence) and "pizzu" (a codeword for extortion money).The play had great success throughout Italy. Soon after, the use of the term "mafia" began appearing in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon. The word made its first official appearance in 1865 in a report by the prefect of Palermo, Filippo Antonio Gualterio.

Apostolicae curae

Apostolicae curae is the title of a papal bull, issued in 1896 by Pope Leo XIII, declaring all Anglican ordinations to be "absolutely null and utterly void". The Archbishops of Canterbury and York of the Church of England responded to the papal charges with the encyclical Saepius officio in 1897.
The principal objection to validity of Anglican ordinations, according to Pope Leo XIII, was the alleged deficiency of intention and of form of the Anglican ordination rites. Leo XIII declared that the rites expressed an intention to create a priesthood different from the sacrificing priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church and to reduce ordination to a mere ecclesiastical institution, an appointment or blessing, instead of a sacramental conferral of actual grace by the action itself.
The view of many Anglican bishops and apologists was that the required references to the sacrificial priesthood never existed in many ancient Latin Rite ordination liturgies, or in certain Eastern-Rite ordination liturgies that the Roman Catholic Church considered to be valid. In the Catholic view, the differences between these rites are a matter of tradition or custom, and indicate no intention to exclude a sacrificing priesthood.

Thirty-Nine Articles

The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion are the historically defining statements of doctrines of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. First established in 1563, the articles served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practice.The full name for the articles is commonly abbreviated as the Thirty-Nine Articles or the XXXIX Articles.
At the time, the Church of England was searching its doctrinal position in relation to the Roman Catholic Church and the continental Protestant movements. A series of defining documents were written and replaced over a period of 30 years as the doctrinal and political situation changed from the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1533, to the excommunication of Elizabeth I in 1570.
Prior to King Henry's death in 1547, several statements of position were issued. The first attempt was the Ten Articles in 1536, which showed some slightly Protestant leanings—the result of an English desire for a political alliance with the German Lutheran princes.The next revision was the Six Articles in 1539 which swung away from all reformed positions,and the King's Book in 1543 which re-established almost in full the earlier Catholic doctrines. Then, during the reign of Edward VI in 1552, the Forty-Two Articles were written under the direction of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. It was in this document that Calvinist thought reached the zenith of its influence in the English Church. These articles were never put into action, due to the king's death and the reunion of the English Church with Rome under Queen Mary I.

Eid

Eid or EID may refer to:

Islamic terms

Eid, meaning "festival" or "holiday" in Arabic, can refer to a number of Muslim holidays, but without a full name is most likely to refer to Eid al-Fitr^{[by whom?]}
- Eid al-Fitr (عيد الفطر ʿĪd al-Fiṭr, "Feast of Breaking the Fast"), marks the end of the month of Ramadan
- Eid al-Adha (عيد الأضحى ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā, "Feast of the Sacrifice"), celebrated to commemorate Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son for God
- Eid Milad an-Nabi (عيد ميلاد النبي ʿĪd Mīlād an-Nabī, "Festival of the Birth of the Prophet"), one of several names for Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam
- Eid al-Milad (عيد الميلاد ʿĪd al-Mīlād, "Festival of the Birth"), Arabic phrase for birthday
- Eid al-Ghadeer, an Eid for Shia Muslims which marks the nomination of Ali, Mohammed's cousin, as the successor of Mohammed
- Eid al-Mubahila, an Eid for Shia Muslims which marks the success of Muslims in a peaceful debate with the Christians of the time
- Eid-e-Shuja', an Eid for Shia Muslims which marks the end of the mourning period after the events of Karbala
Eid prayers, the special prayer offered in both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha